Among the eightfold branches of Ayurveda, Vishachikitsa often referred to as “toxicology” is a specialized branch of the traditional Indian medicine system focusing on the diagnosis and treatment of poisoning and toxic conditions. The term “Vishachikitsa‘’ translates to “treatment of poisons” (Visha meaning poison and Chikitsa meaning treatment). While traditional Ayurvedic approaches to Vishachikitsa are rooted in ancient texts and practices, they offer valuable insights into holistic and natural methods of managing poisoning and toxic conditions.
The incidence of poisoning from animals and plants was more ubiquitous during ancient times because of the wide array of flora and fauna. Visha vaidhya sampradaya, which is rooted in Kerala provides a wide array of treatment modalities for poisoning from snake, dog and spider bites. The practice of Vishachikitsa spans ancient Ayurvedic traditions through to modern applications. It’s deeply intertwined with the state’s historical, cultural, and medical heritage.
The roots of vishachikitsa can be traced back to ancient, medieval, colonial, post-independence and modern eras. Many of the treatises pertaining to the immensely rich knowledge of visha chikitsa were written by our vaidyas during this time. Vishanarayaneeyam, Kriyakoumudi, Lakshanamritam, Visha Vaidyajyotsnika are some of the best authentic vishavaidhya granthas.
In olden times these vaidhyas used to administer herbal preparations along with other liquid adjuvants. One such adjuvant is stanya (Breastmilk). It is one of the major ingredients in the preparation of potent antidotes against snake bites and other poisons. Stanya refers to breast milk, which is considered a vital substance for the nourishment and health of infants. It is highly valued in Ayurvedic medicine not only for its role in infant nutrition but also for its potential therapeutic uses. It is regarded with high esteem in traditional practices and is sometimes used therapeutically in Vishachikitsa to help mitigate the effects of poisoning and support overall health.
In Kashyapa Samhita, an ancient Sanskrit text that deals with both Tantra and Vishachikitsa, Stanya (breast milk) has been given significant importance as a vital substance for infant health. Several herbal formulations have been recommended in the segment exclusively for lepa or ointment to counter poison. According to Kashyapa Samhita, the application of the ointment prepared with the (marrow) powder of the pith or sap of Bakula and Vaṭa mixed with breast milk (stanya) serves as an instant antidote to poison of Cobra, Viper and spider poisons.
Charaka, Sushruta, and Kashyap Samhita mention Stanya as Upa dhatu of Rasa and describe the importance of Stanya (breast milk) as the primary diet for growth and development of infants. As per Ayurveda Samhitas, dushita stanya (vitiated breast milk) is responsible for various morbidities. The physical characteristics of the milk may be influenced by several factors like food habits, psychological status, nutritional status of mother, period of lactation etc.
Ayurveda classics have emphasized the aspect of abnormalities of breast milk and their consequences on infants and as well as on mothers. In this pursuit, Ayurveda has a unique theory on milk vitiation which explains non-suitability of breast milk for infants and at the same time it emphasizes about which type of stanya is the best for therapeutic purposes.
Many etiological factors have been discussed in samhitas in vitiation of the three doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha individually or in combinations leading to the morbidity in stanya. The use of stanya in Vishachikitsa reflects its role in treating poisons and neutralizing toxins. Breast milk is believed to have detoxifying properties that can help neutralize certain toxins. It is thought to have a natural ability to counteract the effects of some poisons, especially when consumed orally or applied topically.
In vishachikitsa, breast milk is sometimes used as an antidote for specific types of poisons, particularly those affecting the digestive system. its calming and relaxing attributes are thought to assist in reducing the negative impacts of toxins. Traditionally, breast milk has been applied to snake bites as a first aid measure to reduce pain and inflammation. Its use in this context is based on its perceived cooling and soothing effects. As a supportive recovery medicine also, it is widely used. Breastmilk acts as demulscent and repair GIT if it has been affected by toxins. Its easy digestibility and nutritive qualities can assist in restoring digestive balance and function. The high nutrient content of breast milk provides essential vitamins and minerals that support overall health and aid in recovery from toxic conditions. Breast milk is considered to have a balancing effect on the doshas, particularly Vata and Pitta. This balancing property can be helpful in cases where poison has disrupted the dosha equilibrium in the body. Breast milk may be applied to the skin in cases of localized poisonings, such as from insect stings or contact with toxic plants. Its calming and anti-inflammatory properties can help alleviate symptoms and promote healing.
